virology<\/h2><\/h2><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Our Virology Laboratory<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Our virology laboratory consists of a multidisciplinary team of scientists and skilled laboratory technicians dedicated to virus isolation, identification, and the production of autogenous vaccines for a broad range of animal viruses. In addition to providing diagnostic services for veterinarians and the animal health industry, our laboratory has extensive expertise in developing customized in vitro assays to support the evaluation of new compounds, vaccines, feed additives, and antiviral products.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory has experience working with viruses originating from poultry, swine, cattle, and aquatic species, supporting both diagnostic and research applications. We also have the capability to culture and propagate selected aquatic viruses under controlled low-temperature conditions required for aquatic virology applications.<\/p>\n
Our facility is equipped to work with embryonated eggs, primary cell cultures, and a wide range of continuous cell lines, including MDCK, Vero, LMH, MA-104, MARC-145, and others, depending on the target virus and study objectives. A large collection of animal viruses is available for testing and assay development (Table 1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
![](\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/virologytab.png\" "\\"Table1\\"")
<\/span><\/div><\/p>\nWith integrated capabilities in cell culture, virus isolation, PCR\/qPCR, ELISA, serology, and virological assay development, we provide comprehensive support for diagnostic, research, and product development activities under one roof.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Assay capabilities<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Below is the description of some of the assays that we have readily developed in our laboratory.<\/p>\n
Cytotoxicity assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Physical and chemical compounds may induce toxic effects on cultured cells. In vitro cell viability and cytotoxicity assays are widely used for toxicity evaluation and compound screening.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory offers multiple cytotoxicity assessment methods depending on the study objective, target cells, and type of compound being evaluated. Different concentrations of test substances can be assessed in a 96-well or cell culture plate format using relevant target cell lines.<\/p>\n
The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) is defined as the concentration that reduces cell viability by 50%.<\/p>\n
Typical sample types include:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tFeed additives <\/p>\n
\u2022\tDisinfectants <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxins and chemical substances <\/p>\n
Available cytotoxicity evaluation methods include:<\/p>\n
MTT Assay<\/h4>\n
The MTT assay measures cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of viable cells. Metabolically active cells reduce MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) into purple formazan crystals, which are quantified spectrophotometrically.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetermination of cell viability and metabolic activity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tScreening of cytotoxic compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCC50 determination <\/p>\n
Trypan Blue staining<\/p>\n
Trypan blue is a vital dye that selectively penetrates cells with compromised membranes. Viable cells exclude the dye, whereas dead or damaged cells appear blue under microscopic examination.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDirect counting of viable versus non-viable cells <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCell viability assessment during cell culture maintenance or compound exposure <\/p>\n
Crystal Violet Staining Assay<\/p>\n
Crystal violet staining measures the number of adherent cells remaining after treatment. The dye binds to cellular DNA and proteins in attached cells, allowing quantification by spectrophotometric analysis after solubilization.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of cell attachment and proliferation <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of surviving adherent cell populations <\/p>\n
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay<\/p>\n
LDH is a stable intracellular enzyme released into the culture medium upon cell membrane damage or lysis. The amount of LDH released is proportional to the level of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetection of membrane damage and cell lysis <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of acute cytotoxicity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of necrotic cell death <\/p>\n
Depending on the study design, these assays can be performed individually or combined to provide complementary information regarding cell viability, proliferation, membrane integrity, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Antiviral testing<\/b><\/h4>\n
This assay evaluates the ability of a compound or biological product to inhibit viral replication in cell culture. Cells are infected in the presence of different concentrations of the test substance, followed by incubation for one or multiple replication cycles.<\/p>\n
Samples and supernatants can be collected at different time points for downstream analyses such as virus titration, qPCR, ELISA, or viability assays. Various treatment strategies can be evaluated, including pre-treatment, co-treatment, or post-infection treatment protocols.<\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for multiple viruses and cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
50 Percent Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) end point dilution<\/b><\/h4>\n
The TCID50 assay is used to quantify the amount of infectious virus required to produce cytopathic effect (CPE) in 50% of inoculated cell cultures. This assay specifically measures infectious and replication-competent virus particles capable of infecting susceptible cells.<\/p>\n
Serial dilutions of virus-containing samples are inoculated onto permissive cell lines and incubated for several days. Viral replication is evaluated through microscopic examination of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Virus titers are subsequently calculated using the Reed and Muench method. Depending on the virus and assay design, viral quantification may also be expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU).<\/p>\n
Importantly, TCID50 differs fundamentally from molecular quantification methods such as qPCR. While qPCR detects viral genetic material (RNA or DNA), it does not determine whether the detected virus particles are infectious or biologically active. Non-viable, inactivated, or degraded viruses may still produce positive qPCR results due to the presence of residual nucleic acids.<\/p>\n
In contrast, the TCID50 assay specifically measures active infectious virus capable of replication in living cells, making it highly valuable for:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral efficacy studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tVaccine development <\/p>\n
\u2022\tInactivation validation studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of viral replication kinetics <\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for a wide range of viruses and permissive cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay (for influenza, or other hemagglutinating viruses)<\/b><\/h4>\n
The principal of HI is the inhibition of hemagglutination of Influenza by antibodies against the virus. The hemagglutinin protein (HA) of the influenza virus binds to the sialic acid receptor or red blood cells (RBCs). This process is called hemagglutination. When influenza virus binds to RBCs, the influenza virus will hemagglutinate RBCs and causing the formation of a lattice. If a serum containing influenza antibodies is added to the virus before addition of RBCs, the antibodies present in the serum will bind to the virus and inhibit the hemagglutination process. The highest dilution of the serum that inhibit hemagglutination is called HI titre.<\/p>\n
Microneutralization or Virus neutralization assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Virus neutralization assays are used to detect and quantify functional neutralizing antibodies specific to the target virus, as well as inhibitory compounds capable of preventing infection or biological activity. These assays provide valuable information regarding the protective capacity of antibodies against viral infection.<\/p>\n
In a typical assay, serially diluted serum samples, antibodies, or test substances are pre-incubated with the target virus, toxin, or biological agent before inoculation onto permissive cells. Following incubation, infection or cytotoxic activity is evaluated by assessing cytopathic effect (CPE), immunostaining, qPCR, cell viability assays, or other suitable readout systems.<\/p>\n
Unlike conventional serological ELISA assays, which primarily detect the presence of binding antibodies, virus neutralization assays specifically evaluate the functional ability of antibodies to inhibit viral infection. Commercial ELISA kits are often based on historical or vaccine strains and may not accurately reflect the neutralizing capability of antibodies against currently circulating field strains.<\/p>\n
The microneutralization assay can be adapted using recent field isolates or emerging variants to better predict the level of protective immunity against contemporary strains. This makes the assay highly valuable for vaccine evaluation, field immunity monitoring, and cross-protection studies.<\/p>\n
Neutralization assays can be used for:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tSerological evaluations where commercial ELISA kit is not available<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compound screening <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxin neutralization studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tPotency testing of biologics and Immunotherapeutics <\/p>\n
Our laboratory has internally developed and optimized several virus neutralization assays, including:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAvian Reovirus (ARV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEncephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
Additional virus or toxin neutralization assays can be developed and customized upon request depending on the target agent and study objectives.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4663","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nvirology - Poulpharm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"virology - Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-28T08:00:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Becs\u00fclt olvas\u00e1si id\u0151\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 perc\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"name\":\"virology - 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\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Our Virology Laboratory<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Our virology laboratory consists of a multidisciplinary team of scientists and skilled laboratory technicians dedicated to virus isolation, identification, and the production of autogenous vaccines for a broad range of animal viruses. In addition to providing diagnostic services for veterinarians and the animal health industry, our laboratory has extensive expertise in developing customized in vitro assays to support the evaluation of new compounds, vaccines, feed additives, and antiviral products.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory has experience working with viruses originating from poultry, swine, cattle, and aquatic species, supporting both diagnostic and research applications. We also have the capability to culture and propagate selected aquatic viruses under controlled low-temperature conditions required for aquatic virology applications.<\/p>\n
Our facility is equipped to work with embryonated eggs, primary cell cultures, and a wide range of continuous cell lines, including MDCK, Vero, LMH, MA-104, MARC-145, and others, depending on the target virus and study objectives. A large collection of animal viruses is available for testing and assay development (Table 1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/span><\/div><\/p>\nWith integrated capabilities in cell culture, virus isolation, PCR\/qPCR, ELISA, serology, and virological assay development, we provide comprehensive support for diagnostic, research, and product development activities under one roof.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Assay capabilities<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Below is the description of some of the assays that we have readily developed in our laboratory.<\/p>\n
Cytotoxicity assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Physical and chemical compounds may induce toxic effects on cultured cells. In vitro cell viability and cytotoxicity assays are widely used for toxicity evaluation and compound screening.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory offers multiple cytotoxicity assessment methods depending on the study objective, target cells, and type of compound being evaluated. Different concentrations of test substances can be assessed in a 96-well or cell culture plate format using relevant target cell lines.<\/p>\n
The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) is defined as the concentration that reduces cell viability by 50%.<\/p>\n
Typical sample types include:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tFeed additives <\/p>\n
\u2022\tDisinfectants <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxins and chemical substances <\/p>\n
Available cytotoxicity evaluation methods include:<\/p>\n
MTT Assay<\/h4>\n
The MTT assay measures cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of viable cells. Metabolically active cells reduce MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) into purple formazan crystals, which are quantified spectrophotometrically.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetermination of cell viability and metabolic activity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tScreening of cytotoxic compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCC50 determination <\/p>\n
Trypan Blue staining<\/p>\n
Trypan blue is a vital dye that selectively penetrates cells with compromised membranes. Viable cells exclude the dye, whereas dead or damaged cells appear blue under microscopic examination.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDirect counting of viable versus non-viable cells <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCell viability assessment during cell culture maintenance or compound exposure <\/p>\n
Crystal Violet Staining Assay<\/p>\n
Crystal violet staining measures the number of adherent cells remaining after treatment. The dye binds to cellular DNA and proteins in attached cells, allowing quantification by spectrophotometric analysis after solubilization.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of cell attachment and proliferation <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of surviving adherent cell populations <\/p>\n
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay<\/p>\n
LDH is a stable intracellular enzyme released into the culture medium upon cell membrane damage or lysis. The amount of LDH released is proportional to the level of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetection of membrane damage and cell lysis <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of acute cytotoxicity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of necrotic cell death <\/p>\n
Depending on the study design, these assays can be performed individually or combined to provide complementary information regarding cell viability, proliferation, membrane integrity, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Antiviral testing<\/b><\/h4>\n
This assay evaluates the ability of a compound or biological product to inhibit viral replication in cell culture. Cells are infected in the presence of different concentrations of the test substance, followed by incubation for one or multiple replication cycles.<\/p>\n
Samples and supernatants can be collected at different time points for downstream analyses such as virus titration, qPCR, ELISA, or viability assays. Various treatment strategies can be evaluated, including pre-treatment, co-treatment, or post-infection treatment protocols.<\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for multiple viruses and cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
50 Percent Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) end point dilution<\/b><\/h4>\n
The TCID50 assay is used to quantify the amount of infectious virus required to produce cytopathic effect (CPE) in 50% of inoculated cell cultures. This assay specifically measures infectious and replication-competent virus particles capable of infecting susceptible cells.<\/p>\n
Serial dilutions of virus-containing samples are inoculated onto permissive cell lines and incubated for several days. Viral replication is evaluated through microscopic examination of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Virus titers are subsequently calculated using the Reed and Muench method. Depending on the virus and assay design, viral quantification may also be expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU).<\/p>\n
Importantly, TCID50 differs fundamentally from molecular quantification methods such as qPCR. While qPCR detects viral genetic material (RNA or DNA), it does not determine whether the detected virus particles are infectious or biologically active. Non-viable, inactivated, or degraded viruses may still produce positive qPCR results due to the presence of residual nucleic acids.<\/p>\n
In contrast, the TCID50 assay specifically measures active infectious virus capable of replication in living cells, making it highly valuable for:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral efficacy studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tVaccine development <\/p>\n
\u2022\tInactivation validation studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of viral replication kinetics <\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for a wide range of viruses and permissive cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay (for influenza, or other hemagglutinating viruses)<\/b><\/h4>\n
The principal of HI is the inhibition of hemagglutination of Influenza by antibodies against the virus. The hemagglutinin protein (HA) of the influenza virus binds to the sialic acid receptor or red blood cells (RBCs). This process is called hemagglutination. When influenza virus binds to RBCs, the influenza virus will hemagglutinate RBCs and causing the formation of a lattice. If a serum containing influenza antibodies is added to the virus before addition of RBCs, the antibodies present in the serum will bind to the virus and inhibit the hemagglutination process. The highest dilution of the serum that inhibit hemagglutination is called HI titre.<\/p>\n
Microneutralization or Virus neutralization assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Virus neutralization assays are used to detect and quantify functional neutralizing antibodies specific to the target virus, as well as inhibitory compounds capable of preventing infection or biological activity. These assays provide valuable information regarding the protective capacity of antibodies against viral infection.<\/p>\n
In a typical assay, serially diluted serum samples, antibodies, or test substances are pre-incubated with the target virus, toxin, or biological agent before inoculation onto permissive cells. Following incubation, infection or cytotoxic activity is evaluated by assessing cytopathic effect (CPE), immunostaining, qPCR, cell viability assays, or other suitable readout systems.<\/p>\n
Unlike conventional serological ELISA assays, which primarily detect the presence of binding antibodies, virus neutralization assays specifically evaluate the functional ability of antibodies to inhibit viral infection. Commercial ELISA kits are often based on historical or vaccine strains and may not accurately reflect the neutralizing capability of antibodies against currently circulating field strains.<\/p>\n
The microneutralization assay can be adapted using recent field isolates or emerging variants to better predict the level of protective immunity against contemporary strains. This makes the assay highly valuable for vaccine evaluation, field immunity monitoring, and cross-protection studies.<\/p>\n
Neutralization assays can be used for:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tSerological evaluations where commercial ELISA kit is not available<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compound screening <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxin neutralization studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tPotency testing of biologics and Immunotherapeutics <\/p>\n
Our laboratory has internally developed and optimized several virus neutralization assays, including:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAvian Reovirus (ARV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEncephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
Additional virus or toxin neutralization assays can be developed and customized upon request depending on the target agent and study objectives.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4663","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nvirology - Poulpharm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"virology - Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-28T08:00:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Becs\u00fclt olvas\u00e1si id\u0151\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 perc\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"name\":\"virology - 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\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Our virology laboratory consists of a multidisciplinary team of scientists and skilled laboratory technicians dedicated to virus isolation, identification, and the production of autogenous vaccines for a broad range of animal viruses. In addition to providing diagnostic services for veterinarians and the animal health industry, our laboratory has extensive expertise in developing customized in vitro assays to support the evaluation of new compounds, vaccines, feed additives, and antiviral products.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory has experience working with viruses originating from poultry, swine, cattle, and aquatic species, supporting both diagnostic and research applications. We also have the capability to culture and propagate selected aquatic viruses under controlled low-temperature conditions required for aquatic virology applications.<\/p>\n
Our facility is equipped to work with embryonated eggs, primary cell cultures, and a wide range of continuous cell lines, including MDCK, Vero, LMH, MA-104, MARC-145, and others, depending on the target virus and study objectives. A large collection of animal viruses is available for testing and assay development (Table 1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/span><\/div>With integrated capabilities in cell culture, virus isolation, PCR\/qPCR, ELISA, serology, and virological assay development, we provide comprehensive support for diagnostic, research, and product development activities under one roof.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Assay capabilities<\/h2><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Below is the description of some of the assays that we have readily developed in our laboratory.<\/p>\n
Cytotoxicity assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Physical and chemical compounds may induce toxic effects on cultured cells. In vitro cell viability and cytotoxicity assays are widely used for toxicity evaluation and compound screening.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory offers multiple cytotoxicity assessment methods depending on the study objective, target cells, and type of compound being evaluated. Different concentrations of test substances can be assessed in a 96-well or cell culture plate format using relevant target cell lines.<\/p>\n
The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) is defined as the concentration that reduces cell viability by 50%.<\/p>\n
Typical sample types include:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tFeed additives <\/p>\n
\u2022\tDisinfectants <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxins and chemical substances <\/p>\n
Available cytotoxicity evaluation methods include:<\/p>\n
MTT Assay<\/h4>\n
The MTT assay measures cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of viable cells. Metabolically active cells reduce MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) into purple formazan crystals, which are quantified spectrophotometrically.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetermination of cell viability and metabolic activity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tScreening of cytotoxic compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCC50 determination <\/p>\n
Trypan Blue staining<\/p>\n
Trypan blue is a vital dye that selectively penetrates cells with compromised membranes. Viable cells exclude the dye, whereas dead or damaged cells appear blue under microscopic examination.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDirect counting of viable versus non-viable cells <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCell viability assessment during cell culture maintenance or compound exposure <\/p>\n
Crystal Violet Staining Assay<\/p>\n
Crystal violet staining measures the number of adherent cells remaining after treatment. The dye binds to cellular DNA and proteins in attached cells, allowing quantification by spectrophotometric analysis after solubilization.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of cell attachment and proliferation <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of surviving adherent cell populations <\/p>\n
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay<\/p>\n
LDH is a stable intracellular enzyme released into the culture medium upon cell membrane damage or lysis. The amount of LDH released is proportional to the level of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetection of membrane damage and cell lysis <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of acute cytotoxicity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of necrotic cell death <\/p>\n
Depending on the study design, these assays can be performed individually or combined to provide complementary information regarding cell viability, proliferation, membrane integrity, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Antiviral testing<\/b><\/h4>\n
This assay evaluates the ability of a compound or biological product to inhibit viral replication in cell culture. Cells are infected in the presence of different concentrations of the test substance, followed by incubation for one or multiple replication cycles.<\/p>\n
Samples and supernatants can be collected at different time points for downstream analyses such as virus titration, qPCR, ELISA, or viability assays. Various treatment strategies can be evaluated, including pre-treatment, co-treatment, or post-infection treatment protocols.<\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for multiple viruses and cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
50 Percent Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) end point dilution<\/b><\/h4>\n
The TCID50 assay is used to quantify the amount of infectious virus required to produce cytopathic effect (CPE) in 50% of inoculated cell cultures. This assay specifically measures infectious and replication-competent virus particles capable of infecting susceptible cells.<\/p>\n
Serial dilutions of virus-containing samples are inoculated onto permissive cell lines and incubated for several days. Viral replication is evaluated through microscopic examination of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Virus titers are subsequently calculated using the Reed and Muench method. Depending on the virus and assay design, viral quantification may also be expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU).<\/p>\n
Importantly, TCID50 differs fundamentally from molecular quantification methods such as qPCR. While qPCR detects viral genetic material (RNA or DNA), it does not determine whether the detected virus particles are infectious or biologically active. Non-viable, inactivated, or degraded viruses may still produce positive qPCR results due to the presence of residual nucleic acids.<\/p>\n
In contrast, the TCID50 assay specifically measures active infectious virus capable of replication in living cells, making it highly valuable for:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral efficacy studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tVaccine development <\/p>\n
\u2022\tInactivation validation studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of viral replication kinetics <\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for a wide range of viruses and permissive cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay (for influenza, or other hemagglutinating viruses)<\/b><\/h4>\n
The principal of HI is the inhibition of hemagglutination of Influenza by antibodies against the virus. The hemagglutinin protein (HA) of the influenza virus binds to the sialic acid receptor or red blood cells (RBCs). This process is called hemagglutination. When influenza virus binds to RBCs, the influenza virus will hemagglutinate RBCs and causing the formation of a lattice. If a serum containing influenza antibodies is added to the virus before addition of RBCs, the antibodies present in the serum will bind to the virus and inhibit the hemagglutination process. The highest dilution of the serum that inhibit hemagglutination is called HI titre.<\/p>\n
Microneutralization or Virus neutralization assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Virus neutralization assays are used to detect and quantify functional neutralizing antibodies specific to the target virus, as well as inhibitory compounds capable of preventing infection or biological activity. These assays provide valuable information regarding the protective capacity of antibodies against viral infection.<\/p>\n
In a typical assay, serially diluted serum samples, antibodies, or test substances are pre-incubated with the target virus, toxin, or biological agent before inoculation onto permissive cells. Following incubation, infection or cytotoxic activity is evaluated by assessing cytopathic effect (CPE), immunostaining, qPCR, cell viability assays, or other suitable readout systems.<\/p>\n
Unlike conventional serological ELISA assays, which primarily detect the presence of binding antibodies, virus neutralization assays specifically evaluate the functional ability of antibodies to inhibit viral infection. Commercial ELISA kits are often based on historical or vaccine strains and may not accurately reflect the neutralizing capability of antibodies against currently circulating field strains.<\/p>\n
The microneutralization assay can be adapted using recent field isolates or emerging variants to better predict the level of protective immunity against contemporary strains. This makes the assay highly valuable for vaccine evaluation, field immunity monitoring, and cross-protection studies.<\/p>\n
Neutralization assays can be used for:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tSerological evaluations where commercial ELISA kit is not available<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compound screening <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxin neutralization studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tPotency testing of biologics and Immunotherapeutics <\/p>\n
Our laboratory has internally developed and optimized several virus neutralization assays, including:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAvian Reovirus (ARV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEncephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
Additional virus or toxin neutralization assays can be developed and customized upon request depending on the target agent and study objectives.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4663","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nvirology - Poulpharm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"virology - Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Our virology laboratory consists of a team of scientists and skilful laboratory technicians working together to isolate, identify viruses and produce autogenous vaccines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\/?page_id=4663\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Poulpharm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-28T08:00:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Becs\u00fclt olvas\u00e1si id\u0151\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 perc\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/poulpharm.vermis.hu\\\/?page_id=4663\",\"name\":\"virology - 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\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>
Below is the description of some of the assays that we have readily developed in our laboratory.<\/p>\n
Cytotoxicity assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Physical and chemical compounds may induce toxic effects on cultured cells. In vitro cell viability and cytotoxicity assays are widely used for toxicity evaluation and compound screening.<\/p>\n
Our laboratory offers multiple cytotoxicity assessment methods depending on the study objective, target cells, and type of compound being evaluated. Different concentrations of test substances can be assessed in a 96-well or cell culture plate format using relevant target cell lines.<\/p>\n
The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) is defined as the concentration that reduces cell viability by 50%.<\/p>\n
Typical sample types include:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tFeed additives <\/p>\n
\u2022\tDisinfectants <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxins and chemical substances <\/p>\n
Available cytotoxicity evaluation methods include:<\/p>\n
MTT Assay<\/h4>\n
The MTT assay measures cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of viable cells. Metabolically active cells reduce MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) into purple formazan crystals, which are quantified spectrophotometrically.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetermination of cell viability and metabolic activity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tScreening of cytotoxic compounds <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCC50 determination <\/p>\n
Trypan Blue staining<\/p>\n
Trypan blue is a vital dye that selectively penetrates cells with compromised membranes. Viable cells exclude the dye, whereas dead or damaged cells appear blue under microscopic examination.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDirect counting of viable versus non-viable cells <\/p>\n
\u2022\tCell viability assessment during cell culture maintenance or compound exposure <\/p>\n
Crystal Violet Staining Assay<\/p>\n
Crystal violet staining measures the number of adherent cells remaining after treatment. The dye binds to cellular DNA and proteins in attached cells, allowing quantification by spectrophotometric analysis after solubilization.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of cell attachment and proliferation <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of surviving adherent cell populations <\/p>\n
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay<\/p>\n
LDH is a stable intracellular enzyme released into the culture medium upon cell membrane damage or lysis. The amount of LDH released is proportional to the level of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Purpose:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tDetection of membrane damage and cell lysis <\/p>\n
\u2022\tQuantification of acute cytotoxicity <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of necrotic cell death <\/p>\n
Depending on the study design, these assays can be performed individually or combined to provide complementary information regarding cell viability, proliferation, membrane integrity, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity.<\/p>\n
Antiviral testing<\/b><\/h4>\n
This assay evaluates the ability of a compound or biological product to inhibit viral replication in cell culture. Cells are infected in the presence of different concentrations of the test substance, followed by incubation for one or multiple replication cycles.<\/p>\n
Samples and supernatants can be collected at different time points for downstream analyses such as virus titration, qPCR, ELISA, or viability assays. Various treatment strategies can be evaluated, including pre-treatment, co-treatment, or post-infection treatment protocols.<\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for multiple viruses and cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
50 Percent Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) end point dilution<\/b><\/h4>\n
The TCID50 assay is used to quantify the amount of infectious virus required to produce cytopathic effect (CPE) in 50% of inoculated cell cultures. This assay specifically measures infectious and replication-competent virus particles capable of infecting susceptible cells.<\/p>\n
Serial dilutions of virus-containing samples are inoculated onto permissive cell lines and incubated for several days. Viral replication is evaluated through microscopic examination of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Virus titers are subsequently calculated using the Reed and Muench method. Depending on the virus and assay design, viral quantification may also be expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU).<\/p>\n
Importantly, TCID50 differs fundamentally from molecular quantification methods such as qPCR. While qPCR detects viral genetic material (RNA or DNA), it does not determine whether the detected virus particles are infectious or biologically active. Non-viable, inactivated, or degraded viruses may still produce positive qPCR results due to the presence of residual nucleic acids.<\/p>\n
In contrast, the TCID50 assay specifically measures active infectious virus capable of replication in living cells, making it highly valuable for:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral efficacy studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tVaccine development <\/p>\n
\u2022\tInactivation validation studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEvaluation of viral replication kinetics <\/p>\n
This assay can be adapted for a wide range of viruses and permissive cell systems depending on the study objective.<\/p>\n
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay (for influenza, or other hemagglutinating viruses)<\/b><\/h4>\n
The principal of HI is the inhibition of hemagglutination of Influenza by antibodies against the virus. The hemagglutinin protein (HA) of the influenza virus binds to the sialic acid receptor or red blood cells (RBCs). This process is called hemagglutination. When influenza virus binds to RBCs, the influenza virus will hemagglutinate RBCs and causing the formation of a lattice. If a serum containing influenza antibodies is added to the virus before addition of RBCs, the antibodies present in the serum will bind to the virus and inhibit the hemagglutination process. The highest dilution of the serum that inhibit hemagglutination is called HI titre.<\/p>\n
Microneutralization or Virus neutralization assay<\/b><\/h4>\n
Virus neutralization assays are used to detect and quantify functional neutralizing antibodies specific to the target virus, as well as inhibitory compounds capable of preventing infection or biological activity. These assays provide valuable information regarding the protective capacity of antibodies against viral infection.<\/p>\n
In a typical assay, serially diluted serum samples, antibodies, or test substances are pre-incubated with the target virus, toxin, or biological agent before inoculation onto permissive cells. Following incubation, infection or cytotoxic activity is evaluated by assessing cytopathic effect (CPE), immunostaining, qPCR, cell viability assays, or other suitable readout systems.<\/p>\n
Unlike conventional serological ELISA assays, which primarily detect the presence of binding antibodies, virus neutralization assays specifically evaluate the functional ability of antibodies to inhibit viral infection. Commercial ELISA kits are often based on historical or vaccine strains and may not accurately reflect the neutralizing capability of antibodies against currently circulating field strains.<\/p>\n
The microneutralization assay can be adapted using recent field isolates or emerging variants to better predict the level of protective immunity against contemporary strains. This makes the assay highly valuable for vaccine evaluation, field immunity monitoring, and cross-protection studies.<\/p>\n
Neutralization assays can be used for:<\/u><\/p>\n
\u2022\tSerological evaluations where commercial ELISA kit is not available<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAntiviral compound screening <\/p>\n
\u2022\tToxin neutralization studies <\/p>\n
\u2022\tPotency testing of biologics and Immunotherapeutics <\/p>\n
Our laboratory has internally developed and optimized several virus neutralization assays, including:<\/p>\n
\u2022\tAvian Reovirus (ARV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
\u2022\tEncephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) neutralization assay <\/p>\n
Additional virus or toxin neutralization assays can be developed and customized upon request depending on the target agent and study objectives.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>